Digital Video

Annotated Bibliography - Curation and Preservation of Digital Video

Prepared by Davis, Hayes, Orme, Sobota, Tabberer and Wood-Gramza

Albertson, D. (2013). An interaction and interface design framework for video digital libraries. Journal of Documentation, 69(5), 667-692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JD-12-2011-0056

This study examines the existing literature on information retrieval studies and models; analyzing them from the context of a user centered retrieval approach. The inherent complexities of accessing digital video from specialized or centralized collections are outlined in the analysis along with resulting recommendations for a user interface. A special feature of this article is a table depicting typical user interaction behaviors, supportive interface features and citations of published research to support the framework recommendations. This article would be helpful to anyone researching access issues for complex digital objects within a repository.

Bachman, T. (2010). Video metadata modeling for DAM systems. Journal of Digital Asset Management, 6(5), 247-256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dam.2010.34

This article serves as a basic primer in approaching digital asset management in relation to digital video repositories. It covers a variety of issues such as the difference between master and derivative formats along with metadata required for the construction of a sound architecture. It briefly covers different schemas related to digital video along with more detailed information on descriptive, administrative, security and rights, and technical and digital provenance metadata. Several visual examples depicting various metadata elements and values are displayed throughout the article. While this is certainly not written for experienced professionals in the area of digital asset management, it serves as an ideal introduction to the topic for those wishing to learn more or begin researching the subject matter further.

Berman, F. (2008). Got data? A guide to data preservation in the information age. Communications of the ACM, 51(12), 50-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1409360.1409376

Berman’s article provides an overview of the current state of digital data and the concerns that need to be addressed. He references the data cyberinfrastructure, the framework that underlies all of our digital activities. Similar to physical infrastructures like highways, electric and sewer systems, the data cyberinfrastructure is expensive to build and maintain yet important to society. Berman highlights four trends for digital data: more data is created than there is storage, policies are increasingly calling for access to and preservation of data, storage costs remain high and there is increasingly commercialization of data storage. Berman notes that sustainability of data preservation is a huge challenge and discusses who should be responsible for storing what data. This article provides strong support for the need to curate and select the digital data that should be preserved. It does not directly address digital video, but may be helpful for supporting key points regarding digital curation and preservation in general.

Bertini, M., Del Bimbo, A., Serra, G., Torniai, C., Cucchiara, R., Granna, C., & Vezzani, R. (2009). Dynamic pictorially enriched ontologies for digital video libraries. IEEE Multimedia, 16(2), 42-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MMUL.2009.25

The authors of this study present a common problem facing those wishing to recall visual data. As the amount of data grows exponentially, the need for a systematic annotation system with interoperability grows right along with it. This article presents a framework for a semantic ontology that links linguistic descriptors to visual concepts. The system developed and tested clusters of digital objects through highlights and views using footage from World Cup soccer games. As the visual manifestations of these video segments changed, the clusters would automatically adjust to those changes. The article presents solid information on research being conducted to answer the challenge of creating a framework that allows for visual information to be annotated and recalled with limited human input. This is an ideal information source for those who wish to research the ways in which information professionals are addressing the challenges associated with accurately describing and recalling visual footage for digital curation and preservation purposes.

Besser, H. (2001). Digital preservation of moving image material? The Moving Image, 1(2), 39-55. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/pdfplus/41167061.pdf?acceptTC=true&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true

This article discusses the changes in viewer habits and expectations when it comes to video. For instance, Besser points out the viewer’s desire for both ancillary information as well as the ability to view video in fragments, as well as in its whole form. Besser also discusses problems with digitizing film, including rapidly changing formats. He also discusses what he refers to as “the custodial problem,” or the question of who will be in charge of maintaining and preserving the digital material over time. He also discusses the “translation problem,” meaning how faithful a digital version of a video remains to its original. He also examines approaches to digital preservation of video, including migration, emulation, and refreshing. Although this article was published in 2001, it is still very relevant for understanding digital video preservation today. In fact, this article is often cited by authors of more recently published articles, including Suzanna Conrad and Karen Gracy.

Bosley, R.K. (2008). The state of the art: An update. American Cinematographer, 89(12), 74-85. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=09b9f801-ae7b-402f-b823-0257aa839389%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=4

An interview with nine different Hollywood film preservation experts is the main focus of this article in American Cinematographer. While digital technology is being used to restore portions of traditional 35 mm film, there is recognition among the group that quality assurance is vital to the long term preservation involving digital technology—whether based on older film technology or born digital works from an earlier digital era. As in other similar articles, the issue of standardization, or lack thereof, is presented front and center as one of the largest threats to digital curation and preservation. This article is helpful as it gives background information on current preservation methods and issues facing professionals in the future; however, if one is looking for strictly scientific studies, this would not be an ideal resource.

Campbell, L.E. (2003). Protecting our heritage. DigitalTV, 26(3), 64. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/203690159?accountid=14925

This article is an excerpt from a speech that the author made at the Entertainment Asset Management Conference. It discusses the project called, The National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program, that was developed in which the Library of Congress comes up with long term preservation for audio and video. The author goes on to explain the planning that goes into tackling such a huge project. This article is not necessarily helpful for detailed instructions for preservation of digital video but it is a starting point to help with the beginning process.

Capra, R. G., Lee, C. A., Marchionini, G., Russell, T., Shah, C., & Stutzman, F. (2008). Selection and context scoping for digital video collections: An investigation of YouTube and blogs. In Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, 211-220. Retrieved from http://fredstutzman.com/research.html

This article discusses curating and preserving digital videos from the internet, in particular from YouTube and/or blogs. It is important to capture metadata and contextual information along with the video itself. This can include metadata initially assigned to the video, but also additional information such as the number of views and comments on the video. Contextual information also includes capturing web sites or blogs that link to the video. The article provides a detailed overview of a research project collecting videos from YouTube. It describes crawling and querying strategies and the data returned and analyzes the results. The study determined that the YouTube search algorithm provides highly relevant results, while searching blogs for videos results in far less relevance amongst the videos. The paper provides valuable information on curating digital video through automated processes.

Careless, J. (2006). PBS, Library of Congress work to preserve public television. Government Video, 17(9), 18. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/199634948?accountid=14925

This article focuses on the partnership between PBS and the Library of Congress and the developments of preserving digital public television. There are many different obstacles that are in the way of preservation. The article addresses those obstacles that include formatting issues and storage issues by not only coming up with new ideas that will hopefully work but by also acknowledging the ideas that will fail in the long run. The main purpose is to find a way for long term preservation of this digital information. Some of the solutions that article suggests are standardization and open source. This article would be very helpful to anyone looking for long term solutions for digital preservation because the information not only applies to digital video but to all digital data.

Cave, D. (2008). “Born digital”—raised an orphan? Acquiring digital media through an analog paradigm. Moving Image, 8(1), 1-13. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=b55ad04d-537b-46af-bc2b-5a7ebae3f9e1%40sessionmgr113&hid=109

This essay, written by a film archive professional in the United Kingdom, outlines the major challenge facing the film archival community as film is slowly being replaced by digitally born motion pictures. While editorial in nature, the historical approach to film archiving is presented along with rationale as to why this could be problematic in the digital age. The questions of ownership and digital rights management are explained through the lens of someone who is straddling two distinct preservation realities. While this article is not completely objective, it does present insight for those researching the subject of digital video preservation and curation. All stakeholders must be actively involved in the process of protecting artwork and this is an example of the sentiments and experiences of one of the many stakeholders.

Chapman, S. (2012). Guerrilla television in the digital archive. Journal of Film and Video, 64(1-2), 42-51. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d5d36e6d-c5a2-478a-9bad-e63c3c0ca4fe%40sessionmgr14&vid=3&hid=101

In this article, the author defines the term “guerilla television,” a video movement that began in the 1960s, and which occurred when portable video cameras became available to the masses. Previously, video recording equipment had only been available for live broadcast television, and this newly available portable video technology democratized video, making it a tool of non-commercial expression for the very first time. Despite groundbreaking work done by independent, amateur videographers, half-inch video signals proved to be technically incompatible with broadcast television, meaning that much of these videos were never televised or ever seen by the public. However, digitization has finally allowed for distribution of these videos. In fact, many of them can now be found on YouTube and Videofreex. The author goes into even more detail about Media Burn, an independent video archive, dedicated to preserving these early personal videos. Finally, Chapman wraps up her article with a call to find more of these half-inch “guerilla” videos so that they, too, can be digitized and preserved before they are gone forever. This article focuses on video materials that should be prioritized for digitization, not on the process of digitization itself.

Colati, J.B., & Colati, G.C. (2011). Road tripping down the digital preservation highway, Part I: Hitting the road. Journal of Electronic Resources Librarianship, 23(1), 60-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1941126x.2011.551096

This essay follows Peter Palmer, who is a librarian that is inexperienced in digital preservation and curation. He struggles with developing a method of preserving digital videos along with other digital content. He has many setbacks that include no help from other departments and lack of storage through the university server. He does end up learning through workshops and various seminars. He also works with other outside groups to find help. This essay is a nice resource for beginners that documents Peter’s journey from uncertainty to success with preservation and curation.

Collie, A., Mak, L., & Nicholson, S. (2011). One stone, two birds: Data assessment framework for digital collection audit and preservation. In Archiving Conference, Archiving 2011 Final Program and Proceedings, (pp. 131-135). Society for Imaging Science and Technology. Retrieved from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ist/ac/2011/00002011/00000001/art00031

Published in 2011, this article examines the processes of digital archiving from gathering materials to long term sustainability. In particular, the authors examine the conception of a program at Michigan State University that changed the entire archiving process. Specifically, a comprehensive audit was commissioned of the holdings at the university. This audit would produce three intended outcomes: “an index of the collection, provide descriptive information, and summarize the state of preservation.” The larger impact of the audit would be the creation of an XML schema that will be monitored for changes as the archive ages.

Conrad, S. (2012). Analog, the sequel: An analysis of current film archiving practice and hesitance to embrace digital preservation. Archival Issues: Journal of the Midwest Archives Conference, 34(1), 27-43. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=2f774ddd-d681-4c5b-bb90-4c0a385736c3%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=4

This article discusses the challenges for preserving motion pictures in digital formats. Since digital formats are still very new to the film industry, Conrad explains that strategies for preserving this type of content need to be addressed before they are lost forever. To illustrate the film industry’s hesitation to embrace digital preservation, Conrad refers to the Academy of Art and Sciences paper “The Digital Dilemma: Strategic Issues in Archiving and Accessing Digital Motion Picture Materials.” She also interviews a collections curator at the Academy Film Archive to further explain these feelings of hesitation. Deterrents for digital preservation of film discussed in the article include technology obsolescence, storage, costs, standards, and legal issues. This article is a good overview of the current issues surrounding digital film preservation. However, the article focuses more on digital preservation of film formats, and not video formats.

Crofts, C. (2008). Digital decay. Moving Image, 8(2), 1-35. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/eds/results?sid=8fb0c0f8-1cf3-4614-8650-58c8f60a5eaf%40sessionmgr111&vid=1&hid=105&bdata=JmJxdWVyeT0mY2xpMD1GVDEmY2x2MD1ZJnR5cGU9MSZzaXRlPWVkcy1saXZlJnNjb3BlPXNpdGU%3d

The author of this article is summarizing a study she conducted regarding the future of film and the inherent issues with mass digitization in the creation of new motion pictures as well as the vehicle for preservation of analog films. Issues of obsolescence, loss of quality through compression, and the issue of keeping only commercially successful works while others are lost are brought front and center in this analysis. It is written for those who, like the author, are filmmakers, but also for anyone who cares about motion pictures as an art form. It is biased, but not in a way that invalidates the arguments presented. There is significant documentation given for the position Crofts is taking on the subject matter. This article is ideal for presenting a different view on the topic of film versus digital motion pictures when researching literature and providing differing philosophies on digital curation and preservation of motion pictures.

De Stefano, P. (2003). Moving image preservation in libraries. Library Trends, 52(1), 118-132. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/220449570?accountid=14925

In this article, De Stefano focuses on the lack of established methods of preservation for film and video collections, when compared to paper and book preservation. He points out that efforts to preserve film and video require greater resources than paper-based materials, and he names several examples. First, he points out that specialized knowledge and expertise are also required. Second, he points to the lack of management systems, standards, and guidelines regarding film preservation. Third, the cost of preserving film and video is much higher than the cost of preserving books and paper materials. Solutions offered for these problems include, first, the need for university-based training over on-the-job training. A second solution posed by the author is to look to effective models of film preservation. He goes on to explore existing preservation methods (ideal temperature and humidity for storage), as well as reformatting methods (restoration and reconstruction). The author finally addresses duplication processes as a solution to the preservation problem, discussing the ethical considerations of doing so and the problems with playback technology obsolescence. Unfortunately, he doesn’t discuss digital curation or preservation.

Fleischhauer, C. (2011). Developing an MXF audiovisual preservation file wrapper specification in the federal agencies digitization guidelines initiative. IASA Journal, (37), 35-40. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/900615770?accountid=14925

Fleischhauer discusses the Material eXchange Format (MXF), a wrapper for digital video bitstreams. The MXF format can contain multiple bitstreams, such as MPEG, JPG and metadata. It is endorsed by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) and is used widely in the movie industry. There are many different ways to configure and use the MXF format, which makes applying standardization, called application specifications, important. The Audio-Visual Working Group of the US Federal Agencies Digitization Guideline Initiative is working with the Advanced Media Workflow Association to develop an application specification that can be adopted by vendors and archivists. This article is useful in providing technical background on file formats to be used for preserving digital video.

Frieling, R. (2001). Storage and space: Notes on collecting, archiving, and presenting digital moving image works. The Moving Image: The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists, 1(2), 146-152. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/pdfplus/41167066.pdf?&acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true

The author of this article is a curator who, in 1994, was head of the video collection for the media library at the Center for Art and Medientechnologie in Germany. He begins by discussing the challenges faced by archivists whose moving image collections, which had traditionally been analog film and video, were becoming increasingly digitally produced. He points out the challenges of archiving digital video, including documentation issues, and dealing with the brief life span and ever-changing nature of the materials. Other than touching on preservation issues at the very beginning of the article, the bulk of the article focuses on the storage, retrieval, and presentation of the digital content. Overall, the article is not highly relevant to the topic of digital video preservation.

Gauch, S., Li, W., & Gauch, J. (1997). The VISION on digital video library. Information Processing and Management, 33(4), 413-426. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/57417135?accountid=14925

Video is a low cost way of spreading information but has become difficult to access due to inadequate indexing practices, especially when searching for a particular segment of video. In an effort to rectify this issue, VISION (Video Indexing for SearchIng Over Networks) segments videos into clips based on video then audio contents and then the information is stored in a full-text information retrieval system. The article covers related work, VISION architecture, population procedures, how patrons view the system, and any future plans regarding VISION. This article is relevant to the topic of digital video preservation because it discusses ways to make digital video more accessible.

Gaustad, Lars (09/01/2012). Choices for preservation of moving image material. Microform & Digitization Review, 41(3/4), 105-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mir-2012-0016

The National Library of Norway began a mass digitization plan in 2006, intending to digitize everything in their holdings within 20-30 years. Initially, film was placed at the end of the list, primarily because scanning film at preservation standards is a prohibitively slow process. The Library also discussed the quality and format for digital video preservation. They found that there were very few standards available for guidance. One standard even stated that there were too many unknowns to make a recommendation. The Library’s position on digitizing their film holdings changed as they saw changes in the movie industry. In 2006, film archivists were recommending making copies onto film rather than digitizing. In the next few years, however, movie companies switched to digital projection, meaning that film is no longer produced. Gaustad notes that within the next 5 to 15 years, people who are knowledgeable about film will retire and that knowledge will be lost. He asserts that there is currently a window for digitizing film at a reasonable cost. Once knowledge and resources dedicated to film dwindle, it will become more expensive for archives to conduct digitization. Gaustad also provides the specifications that the Library is using to conduct their film digitization. This article is helpful in providing context and showing that the surrounding environment affects choices with regards to preserving digital video.

Gehl, R. (2009). YouTube as archive: Who will curate this digital Wenderkammer? International Journal of Cultural Studies, 12(1), 43-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367877908098854

In this article, Gehl points out the lack of a centralized curator for YouTube videos and discusses how museums and archives have addressed attempts to organize and emergent technologies in the past, and how these past attempts can be models for the eventual organization of YouTube videos. He begins his article by pointing out that YouTube threatens to replace traditional broadcast media. He argues that YouTube is, in fact, an archive, but there is no one to curate it. In fact, although the storage of the materials is done by YouTube administrators, much of the posting, removal, and categorization of videos are performed by ordinary users. He concludes that because YouTube is an archive without a curator, the role of curator is often falling on bloggers, corporate media, and entrepreneurs. He argues that these are the curators, the ones who decide how YouTube objects are presented to users. Overall, the article is useful to understanding digital video preservation by explaining who the new curators of digital video are.

Gracy, K.F. (2007). Moving image preservation and cultural capitol. Library Trends, 56(1), 183-197. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/journals/library_trends/v056/56.1gracy.html

In this article, Gracy addresses the changing landscape of video archiving, asserting that the future curators of moving images may not be librarians and archivists at all. Rather, the task may fall on the users and the creators of content. In other words, the stewardship of digital video will be performed by interested individuals and organizations. Also, Gracy discusses how the value of content will be determined in this changing landscape. Throughout the article, Gracy points to YouTube as an example. This article is useful to understand digital preservation as it discusses who is responsible for the curation of digital video.

Gracy, K.F. (2013). The evolution and integration of moving image preservation work into cultural heritage institutions. Information & Culture: A Journal of History, (48)3, 368-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lac.2013.0018

This article provides a historical overview of film preservation practices from the 1910s to the 1990s. Gracy highlights the link between commercial practices and archives, pointing out that librarians and archivists have historically looked to the movie industry to learn how to best manage and preserve film. The article suggests that librarians and archivists should work with and learn from their colleagues in commercial industries. Although this article only looks at film preservation, the underlying observations can be applied to digital video preservation. Parallels can also be drawn between developments in film preservation and digital video preservation.

Greene, S., Marchionini, G., Plaisant, C., & Shneiderman, B. (2000). Previews and overviews in digital libraries: Designing surrogates to support visual information seeking. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(4), 380-393. Retrieved from http://proxy.lib.wayne.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=2851808&site=ehost-live&scope=site

The article suggests a framework in digital libraries of previews and overviews for ease of access visual information. This framework would enable users to rapidly discriminate and more easily access the information they want. This article is relevant to the topic of digital video preservation because it discusses ways to make digital video more accessible.

Harvey, R., & Bastian, J. A. (2012). Out of the classroom and into the laboratory: Teaching digital curation virtually and experientially. IFLA journal, 38(1), 25-34. http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/hq/publications/ifla-journal/ifla-journal-38-1_2012.pdf#page=25

This paper, presented at the World Library and information Congress in 2011, examines the current methodology and training for students wishing to practice digital curation. Several university curriculums are examined, including the program at Simmons College. The authors point out the need to provide hands-on experience, even in a distant learning format. Students at Simmons practice their skills by collaboratively creating an archive for digital objects, including video, adding the metadata, and examining how to sustain the archive over a long term.

Hauttekeete, L., Evens, T., DeMoor, K., Schuurman, D., Mannens, E., & Van de Walle, R. (2011). Archives in motion: Concrete steps towards the digital disclosure of audiovisual content. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 12(4), 459-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2011.04.004

This article provides an analytical overview of digital curation and preservation issues such as formats, digital rights management, internal and external access, metadata standardization, financial requirements and obsolescence in the context of Flemish corporations and institutions. The study was conducted through interviewing 45 individuals involved in audiovisual archives in their respective organizations. These organizations include broadcasters, post-production companies, advertising agencies, governmental institutions, and cultural heritage organizations. This very thorough analysis presents a balanced view of the promise and peril of preservation and curation activities within the digital realm. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats are outlined for a primarily European audience; however, the issues brought to the forefront are relevant anywhere.

Johansen, T. (2001). Preservation of AVA heritage: Strategies of development of audiovisual archives. Library Review, 50(7), 417-420. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/218294956?accountid=14925

The author of this article focuses on the preservation of film, sound, and videotapes. The dilemma that arises from this is that keeping the videos in their original format without the devices to play them on is pointless. The mostly likely solution would be to digitize the videos but is it necessary to keep the original? The author seems to have an understanding of the importance of technology and rapid movement of digital archiving but he also seems to be very cautious of the direction that it is headed. This article is helpful in understanding of the expansion of digitizing but also the importance of physical collections.

Krishna, M. & Heppe, D. (2006). DAM and automated digital workflows. Journal of Digital Asset Management, 2(3/4), 163-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.dam.3650024

This article articulates the need for business - especially those involved with broadcasting, production and post-production activities - to have effective digital asset management systems. It outlines the costs involved with not keeping up with the technology along with the associated return on investment. The cost savings are attributed to being able to automate many processes such as editing and scheduling variations on commercials for different markets. Two graphic representations of the workflow help the reader to gain valuable visual information. While this is a good article to read in order to gain enterprise perspective as opposed to government or cultural heritage organizations views on digital asset management, this piece is very much a sales pitch for a particular brand of automated DAM software.

Lanagan, J., & Smeaton, A. F. (2012). Video digital libraries: Contributive and decentralised. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 12(4), 159-178. http://www.lanaganj.com/papers/IJODL_2012.pdf

A statistic in the paper sums up the challenge libraries face in digital curation – every second over 35 hours of video is uploaded to Youtube. What should be preserved and what can be preserved? Video is the most costly format in terms of storage space required; no library can hope to archive everything. This paper outlines three methods of video selection for the digital library, all using crowd based metrics – tagging, commenting, and annotation.

Lee, B.D., Rhyu, S., Park, K., & Song, J. (2013). Preservation of digital media based on embedded context and provenance information. Preservation, 8(3), 167-177. http://www.sersc.org/journals/IJMUE/vol8_no3_2013/14.pdf

As other papers described, the amount of digital material being generated, especially video, is staggering. A vast amount of this material is being produced by casual users, as opposed to professional filmmakers. Lee, Park, and Song label the producers of non-professional media as ‘User Generated Content’ or UGC. However, the UGC content is not standardized; it can be submitted to sites in a variety of formats and without any metadata. The authors propose a system to embed metadata – an extension to the ISO/IEC 14496 standard for tagging the data.

Marchionini, G. (2004). A briefing on the evolution and status of the Open Video digital library. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 4(1), 36-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00799-003-0058-4

In this article, Marchionini presents a case study on the Open Video Digital Library, an open-source digital video repository, whose aim is provide researchers with open-source digital video content and to serve as a testbed for the research and development of digital libraries. Although a digital video library is used as an example in his article, little is said about digital video preservation. The article’s focus is on researchers rather than on digital preservation.

Marchionini, G., & Geisler, G. (2002). The Open Video digital library. D-Lib Magazine, 8(12) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/57585719?accountid=14925

The article provides an overview of the OVDL (Open Video Digital Library). The author speaks to the fact that access to video is difficult due to problems with describing video and issues with storing such large files and that one way they are dealing with these issues is by segmenting videos into smaller, more accessible clips. In addition, the evolution, its current status, how it’s used, and the future of OVDL are examined in detail. This article is relevant to the topic of digital video preservation because it discusses ways to make digital video more accessible.

Marchionini, G., Wildemuth, B. M., & Geisler, G. (2006). The Open Video digital library: A mobius strip of research and practice. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(12), 1629-1643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.20336

Although research and practice can sometimes compete, when it comes to The Open Video Digital Library (OVDL), research and practice worked hand in hand. The article looks at the evolution of OVDL and the joint effort between researchers and practitioners that led to the creation of the OVDL. This article is somewhat relevant as its framework is about making digital video more accessible; however, the main purpose of the article, the discussion of research and practice working together, is not relevant to digital video.

Marchionini, G., Shah, C., Lee, C. A., & Capra, R. (2009, June). Query parameters for harvesting digital video and associated contextual information. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries, 77-86. ACM. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1555400.1555414

Decisions on acquisitions of video can be a daunting task for libraries. Other authors have contemplated using user comments and view rate as part of the decision making process. This study designed queries based on six topics. A very interesting and novel (to me) approach to data mining and user interests.

Mashon, M. (2002). Film preservation at the Library of Congress. College and University Media Review, 8(2), 15-27. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/57544776?accountid=14925

This article focuses on the huge collection of motion pictures and television the Library of Congress possesses. The article gives a detailed history of the motion pictures from the beginning to the digitizing and born digital video. It also explores the idea that in the future there will be format issues because of the amount of formats that are available. Although this article is not ideal for information about preservation of digital videos, it is a stepping stone in the right direction. It gives you an understanding of where videos came from and what they have evolved into over the years.

McCargar, V. (2004). News that moves: Accessioning video for newspaper archives. The Moving Image: The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists, 4(2), 22-37. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41167166

This article focuses on the importance of video coverage for newspapers. Videos are taken every day and they are a representation of our cultural life. The article explains how it is important to archive these videos for future use. It is vital that the video can be accessed through the website because they are able to add to the new story. It also explains that metadata starts before the process of storage. It begins when the video is first shot and during the continuation of the video journey to preservation and curation.

McDonald, E., & Johnston, J. (2008). Showtime! Cataloging and providing access to streaming video records in the online catalog. Tennessee Libraries, 58(2), 1-5. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e178616c-cbac-4d69-b724-5a8d18ccba0b%40sessionmgr198&vid=2&hid=127

The article explores issues with cataloging video at the University of Memphis and at Jackson State Community College. Challenges included bureaucratic obstacles, authentication issues, multiple versions of the source material, and reaching decisions about standardization, especially in terms of cataloging. Looking to the future, maintenance of the video links is a big issue as is the proliferation of videos. This article is relevant to the topic of digital video preservation because it discusses problems with the accessibility of digital video.

Miller, S.L. (2013). Innovating to meet the demand for streaming video. Journal of Library Innovation, 4(1), 29-43. Retrieved from http://lumpapp1.wayne.edu/tag.d61b883a4c6dbc0b.render.userLayoutRootNode.uP?uP_root=root&uP_sparam=activeTab&activeTab=u28l1s53&uP_tparam=frm&frm=frame

Miller explains the process taken by various educational organizations and cultural heritage institutions in New Jersey to meet the ever growing demand for access to digital videos by students and the public at large. Because one of the biggest challenges in digital preservation and curation is ensuring adequate funding, a task force was formed to devise a strategy for cooperatively establishing a system based on cost-sharing and workload efficiencies. The result, as described in this article, is NJVID, a digital repository and portal. This informative article is ideal for any institution wishing to see examples of how to successfully work in a cooperative manner to overcome financial challenges in the face of increasing demand for distance education in a streaming, audiovisual format. The clear, concise steps outlined by the author make replication possible. This information is also ideal for students wishing to learn more about application of digital curation and preservation strategies today.

Mills, M. S. (2013). Facilitating Multimodal Literacy Instruction through Digital Curation. Technological Tools for the Literacy Classroom, 46. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nqKUMmz9JvcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA46&dq=Facilitating+Multimodal+Literacy+Instruction+through+Digital+Curation.+Technological+Tools+&ots=EESglZkHfl&sig=1-gBOvl4D1hC-PgYFWDyG_uF7S8#v=onepage&q=Facilitating%20Multimodal%20Literacy%20Instruction%20through%20Digital%20Curation.%20Technological%20Tools&f=false

The term digital literacy is defined by this author as “…the ability to understand and create electronically distributed media”. To accomplish the task of creating digitally literate people, one must understand the role of digital curation in instruction. Video plays a huge role in education; however having the ‘right’ video resources places reliance on video curation and preservation. The increasing use of the Common Core standards necessitates that students use relevant video resources, and learn the ability to aggregate and repurpose the digital media.

Mu, X., & Marchionini, G. (2003). Enriched video semantic metadata: Authorization, integration, and presentation. Proceedings of the ASIST Annual Meeting, 40, 316-322. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/62172423?accountid=14925

Within the article is suggested a framework for presenting rich metadata for video. VAST (Video Annotation and Summarization Tool) is a system that uses both words and images to make it easier for users to access metadata. The design and applications of VAST are discussed as well as results the researcher found based on field experiments. This article is relevant to the topic of digital video preservation because it discusses ways to make digital video more accessible.

Mundur, P., Rao, Y., & Yesha, Y. (2006). Keyframe-based video summarization using Delaunay clustering. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 6(2), 219-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00799-005-0129-9

This article summarizes research done to develop an algorithm for automatic video summarization. The algorithm is based on Delaunay Triangulation, an automated process which is also used in data mining. The algorithm developed identifies key frames from videos, based on significance, compression and overlap factors. The process is fully automated, allowing for a summary of the video to be made without any human interaction. The article describes the process in detail and is technical in nature. It is helpful in showing technology that can be developed to automate the process of providing access to digital videos.

Nodler, H. (2012). A Haystack Full of Needles: Scholarly Access Challenges in Museum Video Archives. Bulletin Of The American Society For Information Science & Technology, 38(3), 32-37. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e178616c-cbac-4d69-b724-5a8d18ccba0b%40sessionmgr198&vid=2&hid=127

This article discusses the various pros and cons of preserving digital videos in the museum archives. There is a cost issue for the amount of space that is needed for storage. There is also the issue for the accessibility and use of the videos. The article suggests video with text or transcripts so that it will be easier to catalog and easier to find one specific section in a longer video. The article also touches base on using videos in research and the issues with intellectual property rights and information retrieval. This article is helpful with several specific issues that include accessibility and storage but is not helpful for long term preservation.

O'Connor, B.,C. (1985). Access to moving image documents: Background concepts and proposals for surrogates for film and video works. Journal of Documentation, 41(4). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/57032024?accountid=14925

This is an early exploration of models for surrogates in accessing film and video. A model is suggested and the difficulty in applying terms to film and images is examined. The author explains that retrieval tools favor text-based documents and that access to images and videos is problematic. The article looks at considerations, the current state of access (circa 1984), and concludes by examining surrogates and then by suggesting a new model that would enable users to access image-based documents more easily. This article is relevant to the topic of digital video preservation because it discusses ways to make digital video more accessible.

Potter, J. (2010). Embodied memory and curatorship in children’s digital video production. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 9(1), 22-35. Retrieved from http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/3877/1/Potter2010Embodied22.pdf

This article typified the benefits of digital curation from a unique perspective. It, at a bare minimum, is an examination of the process behind the creation of a video project by two school children in England. However, at a higher level, it explains the relationship between curation and sense of self, or as the author stated, hypomnemata. This, derived from ancient Greece, is the process of documenting life events. The focus of the exercise was less about producing the video, and more about the metadata associated with the girls – their rough drafts, their interviews, etc., the providence of the media.

Rauch, C., Pavuza, F., Strodl, S., & Rauber, A. (2005). Evaluating preservation strategies for audio and video files. In DELOS Digital Repositories Workshop, Heraklion, Crete. Retrieved from http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~andi/publications/pdf/rau_digrep05.pdf

This article focuses solely on digital preservation of all kinds. There is an understanding that not only libraries and museums need to preserve their digital videos but private corporations and other businesses are looking help. The article acknowledges that there are many different formats available and it helps to narrow them down. The article also comes up with different preservation strategies that help for whatever kind of preserving you are looking to do. This article is helpful with doing research on digital video preservation because of the different strategies it has developed.

Ricci, S. (2008). Saving, rebuilding, or making: Archival (re)constructions in moving image archives. American Archivist, 71(2), 433-455. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/stable/pdfplus/40294525.pdf?acceptTC=true&jpdConfirm=true

This essay focuses on the restoration of moving images. According to the essay there is a lack of standardization when it comes to restoration and preservation of moving images, both physical and digital. The article also states that digital archiving can be problematic due to the loss of original materials in the process. It discusses the issue of what constitutes as original and duplicated copies with all of the different formats. This essay proves again that there are still many issues when it comes to digital preservation but the author also sheds some light to the future.

Rice, D. (2012). Reconsidering the checksum for audiovisual preservation: Detecting digital change in audiovisual data with decoders and checksums. IASA Journal, (39), 34-40. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/1081858113?accountid=14925

This article discusses the use of checksums for audiovisual files. Generally, one checksum is generated per file regardless of the size of that file. This approach is not sufficient to address large audiovisual files as it does not convey what the change was or where it took place. For instance, if the save date of an audiovisual file changes but none of the content is altered, the checksum will be different and will indicate that the file is not the same as the original. Rice recommends using a more granular approach such as framemd5 along with whole file checksums. This means that each frame of audiovisual content receives its own checksum, with the entire file also assigned a checksum. This allows preservationists to pinpoint the area where a change occurred. This article is useful in describing technical elements pertaining to the preservation of digital video.

Rubin, N. (2009). Preserving digital public television: Not just an archive, but a new attitude to reserve public broadcasting. Library Trends, 57(3), 393-412. Retrieved from: http://muse.jhu.edu.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/journals/library_trends/v057/57.3.rubin.pdf

In this article, Rubin discusses the shift that took place in public television production from being a purely analog process to becoming a purely digital process. Due to the lack of long-term preservation practices regarding digital video, she writes about the threat of losing these digital productions. She goes on to discuss a new project known as Preserving Digital Public Television, funded by the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP), whose goal is to develop a repository for these digital video files and to serve as a model or a test repository for preserving born-digital video content. This is a valuable article for understanding current digital video preservation issues in that it documents an ambitious digital preservation project in its infancy. Moreover, this project is clearly pioneering the field of digital video preservation.

Rusk, M.D. (2001). VISION digital video library system. Community and Junior College Libraries, 10(3), 69-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J107v10n03_10

VISION uses computer analysis to automatically segment, index, store, and deliver video content clips. VISION is composed of five components which make up DVLS (Digital Video Library System). These components include a video storage system, a video processing system, an information retrieval engine, the client, and a query server. Altogether, this system is intended to make access to digital video easy. This article is relevant to the topic of digital video preservation because it discusses ways to make digital video more accessible.

Shah, C. (2009). Mining contextual information for ephemeral digital video preservation. International Journal of Digital Curation, 4(1), 175-192. Retrieved from http://ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/download/111/88

Apart from storage concerns, the largest problem facing a digital curator is preservation of metadata. This paper postulates that without contextual data, all of the video being stored will become useless quickly as its relevancy will be soon forgotten. The authors propose five contexts to be captured for archival video: spatial – location information; temporal – when the video was produced; situational – information about why the video was shot; social – records viewer reactions; and cognitive – comments and knowledge from the curator.

Smeaton, A. F. (2007). Techniques used and open challenges to the analysis, indexing and retrieval of digital video. Information Systems, 32(4), 545-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2006.09.001

Smeaton makes the point that video is super common and ranges from personal use to professional use and that the challenge is managing all the digital video data that is being produced. Smeaton defines video retrieval and elaborates on the importance of segmentation and key frames. Smeaton then identifies how users search for video (using key frames, metadata, text, and image matching) to identify how to improve information retrieval. This article is relevant to the topic of digital video preservation because it discusses ways to make digital video more accessible.

Stauder, A. (2013). 2012 survey of the preservation, management, and use of audiovisual media in european higher education institutions. OCLC Systems and Services, 29(4), 218-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oclc-01-2013-0003

This article documents the findings of a survey given by the Digitisation and Digital Preservation Group of the University of Innsbruck to learn more about the situation of audiovisual media in European higher education. Examples of topics covered in the survey include quantities, storage conditions, digitization, and digital preservation of audiovisual media, and attitudes towards these topics. The survey was given to 800 academic institutions of which 226 responded. One of the survey questions asked involved most common media, and VHS is named as the most typical media at these institutions. Also, many of the questions focus on digitization of analog audiovisual materials. Results of the survey found that most of the institutions had positive attitudes toward digitization, and that a definite need for digitization exists. However, most of the institutions surveyed also expressed concern over rights issues and were also worried about the obsolescence of digital formats. The article was useful in that it illustrates the real need for digitization as a form of preservation, but it also highlights the respondents’ fears surrounding digitization of materials.

Ubois, J. (2005). New approaches to television archiving. First Monday, 10(3). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.lib.wayne.edu/docview/57603453?accountid=14925

This article raises some really important issues concerning digitizing television. The article focuses on projects that the Library of Congress have been working on for television archiving. There are many issues concerning cost of digitizing and storing the data. Also the accessibility of this information in the future. There have been problems in the education aspects of accessibility. Teachers and students that want to access digital videos for educational purposes can not because of lack of clearance. This article is a useful source because it looks at the problems that arise with digitizing and offers help to find solutions.

Yakel, E., Conway, P., Hedstrom, M., & Wallace, D. (2011). Digital curation for digital natives. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 52(1), 23-31. http://www.virtualarchiveslab.org/sites/virtualarchiveslab.org/files/Digitial%20Curation%20for%20Digital%20Natives.pdf

The title of this paper contains the words ‘digital natives’ which describes those people born after 1985; this generation has always had computing technology available and present throughout their lives. The premise of the paper however presents a dichotomy. We would expect these ‘natives’ to be the most fluent and knowledgeable of all in digital media. What the paper found was that their level of comfort was high; they expected instruction to be delivered using multimedia. However, their digital literacy skills were low. The paper then presents the strategies adopted by the library science program at the University of Michigan to reach this population of future librarians. Paramount to the classes is the practice of both preserving video content and, as important, recording and archiving the associated metadata for that content.

Wactlar, H. D., & Christel, M. G. (2002). Digital video archives: Managing through metadata. Building a national strategy for digital preservation: Issues in digital media archiving, 84-99. Retrieved from http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub106/reports/pub106/pub106.pdf

This paper discusses the benefits of using metadata with digital video collections. Video collections can be difficult for to access due to their temporal, or isochronal, nature. It takes users time to watch videos in order to find the piece of information that they are looking for. Good metadata can direct users to a specific point in a video, rather than requiring a time intensive search. The paper describes the basic types of metadata and discusses metadata schemas for videos. It also provides a brief case study of the Informedia project at Carnegie Mellon University, which automatically produced metadata for a video collection. This paper is useful for discussing access to digital video collections through metadata. The information it provides tends to be more general than specific or technical.

Wallmüller, J. (2007). Criteria for the use of digital technology in moving image restoration. Moving Image, 7(1), 78-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mov.2007.0032

This article attempts to define restoration and what that means for moving images in a primarily analog format, although many of the concepts would apply to “born digital” works. The author speaks to ethical issues as well as the subject of authenticity. For those who are researching literature focusing on restoration and preservation of materials in a format that is true to the original moving image, this is a great resource. The article is based on the works of many different individuals and gives a balanced view in the midst of a very contentious debate within the cinematography community.

Weagley, J., Gelches, E., & Park, J. (2010). Interoperability and metadata quality in digital video repositories: A study of Dublin Core. Journal of Library Metadata, 10(1), 37-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19386380903546984

The quantity of digital video is overwhelming and the options for applying metadata are also overwhelming. Dublin Core is the most commonly used schema for electronic resources. Dublin Core is a simple, flexible, and and easy to implement. The paper explores the quality of Dublin Core as it is applied to digital video and how it affects interoperability. The author identifies the collections to be examined and then details how effective they found the Dublin Core to be as a metadata schema for digital video and its ability to be interoperable. This article is relevant to the topic of digital video preservation because it discusses ways to make digital video more accessible through rich metadata.

Williams, P., John, J. L., & Rowland, I. (2009). The personal curation of digital objects: A lifecycle approach. In Aslib Proceedings, 61(4), 340-363. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. http//dx.doi.org/10.1108/00012530910973767

The management and eventual disposition of personal archives has changed rapidly in the last 50 years. Traditionally, the letters and publications of a person were donated to a local or national library or repository to be cataloged and stored. With the advent of ‘born digital’ material, donation has become a more complex issue. What is essential is that non-curators become familiar with the process to properly curate their digital material.

Wisniewski, T. (2008). Framers of the kept: Against the grain appraisal of ephemeral moving images. The Moving Image, 7(2), 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mov.2008.0002

Wisniewski discusses the archival appraisal of moving images and suggests an ‘against the grain’ approach. He specifically addresses ephemeral moving images: non-theatrical videos that were made for a short-term primary use, such as training videos, advertising or home movies. He states that traditional methods of archival appraisal are not sufficient for ephemeral moving images. The practice of reading historical documents against the grain is common in various fields and means that a critical view is taken of documents, looking at things that are revealed unintentionally. The paper largely focuses on theory and discussing how certain moving images come to represent our historical record. The article does not provide practical appraisal guidelines, but does offer an alternative view on what should be considered during appraisal.

Wright, R. (2004). Digital preservation of audio, video and film. Vine, 34(2), 71-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03055720410550869

This article discusses strategies for converting analog media to digital. It outlines how to approach the task and talks about different storage formats. The article is helpful in describing how to preserve and care for analog formats. The digital strategies and formats, however, are dated enough to limit their usefulness.